Human XIRP1 is a macrophage podosome protein utilized by Listeria for actin-based motility

Actin is integral to eukaryotic physiology as a biomechanical polymer and as a structural barrier for cell-autonomous defense against infection. Some microbial pathogens exploit the actin cytoskeleton, however, to evade cell-autonomous immunity. Subversion of actin to enter host cells and for actin-based motility are often employed by intracellular pathogens to spread from cell-to-cell. Using RNA-sequencing and computational data mining, we identify the host actin-binding protein XIRP1 as commonly induced during infection. XIRP1 is expressed by fibroblasts and macrophages in response to immune cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and infection with bacteria such as Listeria, Shigella, and Salmonella . Confocal and super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) found XIRP1 localizes to fibroblast focal adhesions and macrophages podosomes. Within human macrophages, XIRP1 is recruited to cytosolic Listeria monocytogenes in an ActA-dependent manner as it replicates and uses actin-based motility for host cell escape. Chromosomal removal of XIRP1 in mice impaired this dissemination and rendered them more resistant to Listeria infection than C57BL/6NJ wildtype controls in vivo . We propose that professional cytosolic pathogens like Listeria can co-opt XIRP1 to escape the hostile intracellular environment of IFN-γ-activated macrophages as part of the host-pathogen arms race during cell-autonomous immunity. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.