Specific targeting of inflammatory osteoclastogenesis by the probiotic yeast S. boulardii CNCM I-745 reduces bone loss in osteoporosis

Bone destruction is a hallmark of chronic inflammation, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts arising under such a condition differ from steady-state ones. However, osteoclast diversity remains poorly explored. Here, we combined transcriptomic profiling, differentiation assays and in vivo analysis in mouse to decipher specific traits for inflammatory and steady state osteoclasts. We identified and validated the pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) TLR2, Dectin-1 and Mincle, all involved in yeast recognition as major regulators of inflammatory osteoclasts. We showed that administration of the yeast probiotic Saccharomyces boulardi CNCM I-745 ( Sb ) in vivo reduced bone loss in OVX but not sham mice by reducing inflammatory osteoclasts. This beneficial impact of Sb is mediated by the regulation of the inflammatory environment required for the generation of inflammatory osteoclasts. We also showed that Sb derivatives as well as agonists of TLR2, Dectin-1 and Mincle specifically inhibited directly the differentiation of inflammatory but not steady state osteoclasts in vitro . These findings demonstrate a preferential use of the PRR-associated costimulatory differentiation pathway by inflammatory osteoclasts, thus enabling their specific inhibition, which opens new therapeutic perspectives for inflammatory bone loss. ### Competing Interest Statement C.B-W. and D.C received a research grant from Biocodex. Biocodex had no role in the design of the study, in the analysis and interpretation of the data and in the preparation of the manuscript. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.