Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells orchestrate NK cell recruitment and activation in acute inflammatory liver injury

In both steady-state and during endotoxicosis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) can rapidly clear lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the bloodstream. They are located along blood sinusoids of the liver, and establish intimate contact with circulating and tissue-resident immune cells. However, their role in regulating immune responses during LPS-induced endotoxicosis remains poorly understood. Here, we show that LSECs play a dual role in regulating inflammatory responses, acting as modulators of NK cell pro-inflammatory output and as major producers of immune cell-attracting chemokines. We demonstrate that LSECs switch their chemokine expression pattern driven by LPS and IFN-γ, resulting in the production of the myeloid-attracting chemokine CCL2 and the lymphoid-attracting chemokine CXCL10, which accumulate in the serum of LPS-challenged animals. In livers of LPS-injected mice, monocytes and Kupffer cells expressed highest amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il12a and Il18 transcripts, while NK cells expressed the highest amounts of Ifng . NK cell exposure to LSECs in vitro led to global transcriptomic changes, and primed NK cells to produce higher amounts of IFN-γ in response to IL-12 and IL-18. LSECs required exposure to IFN-γ for Cxcl10 expression, and Cxcl10 gene-deletion in endothelial cells abrogated NK cell accumulation in the liver after LPS treatment. Thus, our data indicate that LSECs occupy a unique temporal and spatial position acting as central regulators that respond to both LPS and immune-derived inflammatory signals, and fuel a positive feedback loop of immune cell attraction and activation in the inflamed liver tissue. ![Figure][1] ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. [1]: pending:yes