Self-cyclisation as a general and efficient platform for peptide and protein macrocyclisation

Macrocyclisation of proteins and peptides results in a remarkable increase in structural stability, making cyclic peptides and proteins of great interest in drug discovery—either directly as drug leads or as in the case of cyclised nanodiscs (cNDs), as tools for studies of trans-membrane receptors and membrane-active peptides. Various biological methods have been developed that are capable of yielding head-to-tail macrocyclised products. Recent advances in enzyme-catalysed macrocyclisation include discovery of new enzymes or design of new engineered enzymes. Here, we describe the engineering of a self-cyclising “ autocyclase ” protein, capable of performing a controllable unimolecular reaction for generation of cyclic biomolecules in high yield. We characterise the self-cyclisation reaction mechanism, and demonstrate how the unimolecular reaction path provides alternative avenues for addressing existing challenges in enzymatic cyclisation. We use the method to produce several notable cyclic peptides and proteins, demonstrating how autocyclases offer a simple, alternative way to access a vast diversity of macrocyclic biomolecules.