IL-18 Serum Level in Subjects with Obesity, Prediabetes, and Newly Identified Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Obesity and diabetes are related to a chronic low-grade inflammation. As a pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-18 stimulates various cell types and has pleiotropic functions. Objective: To assess the levels of IL-18 in subjects from the entire spectrum of glycemic disorders. Methods: This study included 387 Caucasians divided into four groups: healthy controls, obese subjects without carbohydrate issues, prediabetic patients, and recently discovered type 2 diabetics. Results: Subject with body mass index >= 30kg/m2 and glycemic disorders showed significantly higher levels of IL-18 (249.77 +/- 89.96 pg/ml; 259.01 +/- 95.70 pg/ml; and 340.98 +/- 127.65 pg/ml) compared with that of the control group (219.47 +/- 110.53 pg/ml, P<0.05). IL-18 also had significant positive associations with some anthropometric parameters, liver enzymes, fasting, post-load glucose, insulin, uric acid, and triglycerides while negative with HDL. The circulating IL-18 levels for differentiating subjects with carbohydrate disturbances and those with metabolic syndrome were determined by ROC analysis. The AUC for the disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism was 0.597 (P=0.001; 95% CI=0.539-0.654) and for MS AUC was 0.581 (P=0.021; 95 % CI=0.516-0.647). Conclusion: Our data indicate that as the levels of IL-18 are increased the carbohydrate tolerance is deteriorated. However, the significance of IL-18 in the progression of diabetes mellitus and subsequent consequences requires further exploration.