Whole-genome resequencing of Chinese pangolins reveals a population structure and provides insights into their conservation

Poaching and trafficking have a substantial negative impact on the population growth and range expansion of the Chinese pangolin ( Manis pentadactyla ). However, recently reported activities of Chinese pangolins in several sites of Guangdong province in China indicate a promising sign for the recovery of this threatened species. Here, we re-sequence genomes of 15 individuals and perform comprehensive population genomics analyses with previously published 22 individuals. These Chinese pangolins are found to be divided into three distinct populations. Multiple lines of evidence indicate the existence of a newly discovered population (CPA) comprises entirely of individuals from Guangdong province. The other two populations (CPB and CPC) have previously been documented. The genetic differentiation of the CPA and CPC is extremely large ( F ST = 0.541), which is larger than many subspecies-level differentiations. Even for the closer CPA and CPB, their differentiation ( F ST = 0.101) is still comparable with the population-level differentiation of many endangered species. Further analysis reveals that the CPA and CPB populations separate 2.5–4.0 thousand years ago (kya), and on the other hand, CPA and CPC diverge around 25–40 kya. The CPA population harbors more runs of homozygosity (ROHs) than the CPB and CPC populations, indicating that inbreeding is more prevalent in the CPA population. Although the CPC population has less mutational load than CPA and CPB populations, we predict that several Loss of Function (LoF) mutations will be translocated into the CPA or CPB populations by using the CPC as a donor population for genetic rescue. Our findings imply that the conservation of Chinese pangolins is challenging, and implementing genetic rescue among the three groups should be done with extreme caution.