Spatially heterogeneous effects of collective action on environmental dependence in Namibia’s Zambezi region

•We integrate original survey data with spatiotemporal covariates for households in Namibia’s Zambezi Region.•We then estimate the impact of community-based natural resource management on environmental income and dependency.•Community-based natural resource management fosters livelihood strategies that are, on average, more dependent on the environment.•Households living in close proximity to touristic enterprises are more likely to benefit from environmental income effects than others.