Effectiveness of fungal bacterial biofertilizers on agrobiochemical attributes of quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa willd . ) under salinity stress

The effects of fungi and bacteria biofertilizers under salinity stress were studied on some morphological and physiological traits of quinoa. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included NaCl (no salinity-150 mM NaCl and 300 mM NaCl), Trichoderma (no Trichoderma and Trichoderma), and bacterial biofertilizers (no biofertilizer-N biofertilizer and P biofertilizer). The highest shoot and root length and dry weight were observed in the treatment of no salinity + no Trichoderma + N biofertilizer. Salinity increased Na + and K + content and decreased K + /Na + ratio, whereas the application of Trichoderma alleviated the effect of salinity on these factors. Ca 2+ /Na + and Mg 2+ /Na + ratios were significantly decreased in high salinity level compared to the zero salinity level. The highest and lowest phenol content was observed in the treatments of 300 mM NaCl + Trichoderma + P biofertilizer and no salinity + no Trichoderma + N biofertilizer, respectively. Flavonoid content was higher in the treatments of no salinity + Trichoderma + N biofertilizer and no salinity + Trichoderma + P biofertilizer than in the other treatments, also The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that all phenolic and flavonoid compounds exhibited the greatest increase in treatments of no salinity + Trichoderma + N biofertilizer and no salinity + Trichoderma + P biofertilizer, which is consistent with the significant increase in total flavonoid content in these treatments. The results showed that using N biofertilizer can improve the growth and development of quinoa in saline soils.