Low-level circulation over Central Equatorial Africa as simulated from CMIP5 to CMIP6 models

We evaluate and compare the simulation of the main features (low-level westerlies (LLWs) and the Congo basin (CB) cell) of low-level circulation in Central Equatorial Africa (CEA) with eight climate models from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the corresponding eight previous models from CMIP5. Results reveal that, although the main characteristics of the two features are reasonably well depicted by the models, they bear some biases. The strength of LLWs is generally overestimated in CMIP5 models. The overestimation is attributed to both divergent and rotational components of the total wind with the rotational component contributing the most in the overestimation. In CMIP6 models, thanks to a better performance in the simulation of both divergent and rotational circulation, LLWs are slightly less strong compared to the CMIP5 models. The improvement in the simulated divergent component is associated with a better representation of the near-surface pressure and/or temperature difference between the Central Africa landmass and the coastal Atlantic Ocean. Regarding the rotational circulation, and especially for HadGEM3-GC31-LL and BCC-CSM2-MR, a simulated higher 850 hPa pressure is associated with less pronounced negative vorticity and a better representation of the rotational circulation. Most CMIP5 models also overestimate the CB cell intensity and width in association with the simulated strength of LLWs. However, in CMIP6 models, the strength of key cell characteristics (intensity and width) are reduced compared to CMIP5 models. This depicts an improvement in the representation of the cell in CMIP6 models and this is associated with the improvement in the simulated LLWs.