Distributed energy management of home-vehicle Nexus with Stationary battery energy storage

With the rapid development of smart grids, a smart microgrid structure that includes multiple homes and plug-in electric vehicles interacting in a distributed and coordinated manner is very promising. In this paper, three novel contributions are added according to the relevant literatures. First, a distributed energy management framework composed of three homes with photovoltaic (PV) power generation, second-life battery energy storage systems (SLBESSs), and EVs, is implemented. Then, the component modeling and the corresponding convex formulations are carried out using convex optimization, where the cycling aging model and calendar aging model of EV batteries need to be converted. Finally, the consensus alternating direction method of multiplier (C-ADMM) is employed to manage these three homes in a distributed manner and reduce electricity bills for the microgrid. Simulation results demonstrate that this distributed management method can reduce the whole electricity bills by 40.8% compared with the traditional separate management method and increase the self-consumption rate of renewable energy to 100%. Furthermore, EVs are recommended to avoid discharging to the household appliances as much as possible to reduce the battery aging cost and prolong the service life when plugged-in. The charging process should preferably take place before leaving for work in the early morning.