Motor Function in Persons With Down Syndrome

This chapter reviews fine- and gross-motor function research in persons with Down syndrome (DS) across the lifespan. Fine-motor function consists of movements of the small muscles in the body such as the fingers and hands used to perform many activities of daily living, including writing, using a zipper, tying shoe laces, eating with a spoon, and using scissors. In contrast, gross-motor function consists of movements of the larger muscles of the body such as the leg muscles to perform essential skills such as walking, jumping, climbing, and swimming. In general, both fine- and gross-motor function are slower, more variable, and delayed in persons with DS. Multiple movement interventions are available for individuals with DS, including physical therapy, equine therapy, virtual reality gaming, Assisted Cycling Therapy, walking, and aerobic and strength training. These as well as other exercise interventions and their results on fine- and gross-motor function in persons with DS across the lifespan were reviewed. In general, early research focused more on anatomical differences in persons with DS, whereas more recently the focus has been on differences in neural mechanisms and how they can be altered for the benefit of motor and cognitive improvements in persons with DS. Future research should rethink exercise interventions to require fast movements in young children with DS and to determine the lasting effects on motor and cognitive skills that will ultimately improve longevity and quality of life for persons with DS.