Effects of waste coffee grounds on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy and toxic gas production of epoxy composites

Waste coffee grounds, a biomaterial with high carbon content, have been suggested as a non-toxic organic flame retardant due to their high char forming and radical scavenging properties. Herein, inves-tigations are conducted on the effects of waste coffee grounds, especially their concentration and particle size, on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, toxic gas production of epoxy composites. Results reveal that reducing average size of the waste coffee grounds from 46 lm to 16 lm, using freeze -milling or filtering, can reduce peak heat release rate and total heat release of their epoxy composites by 52.0% and 33.7% respectively, exceeding the effectiveness of other bio-based flame retardants such as chitosan, lignin and seashell. More importantly, the fine coffee grounds can achieve the same perfor-mance as aluminium trihydrates, the most widely used non-bio flame retardant. Furthermore, the burn-ing rates and emissions of toxic gas have also been greatly reduced, almost entirely suppressing the highly toxic NO2 gas. The findings provide new insights into the effect of particle size of waste coffee grounds on both the mechanical properties and flame retardancy performnance of epoxy composites.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).