Late Oligocene fossil acorns and nuts of Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis from the Nanning Basin, Guangxi, South China.

is the largest genus within the Fagaceae and has a rich fossil record. Most of the fossil material is attributed to the subgenus based on leaves, pollen or rarely acorns and nuts. Fossil records of section characterized by ring-cupped acorns are relatively few and especially those described based on nuts are scant. In this study, we described four new species of section based on mummified acorns and nuts: X.Y. Liu et J.H. Jin sp. nov., X.Y. Liu et J.H. Jin sp. nov., X.Y. Liu et J.H. Jin sp. nov. and X.Y. Liu et J.H. Jin sp. nov. These species closely resemble the extant species , , , and . The occurrence of section in the Oligocene stratum of Guangxi, South China, suggests that the section has diversified within its extant distribution center since the Oligocene. By combining records from other areas, we propose that the section first appeared in the middle Eocene of East Asia (Sino-Japan), has diversified in situ with a few elements scattering into West Asia and southern Europe since the Oligocene and Pliocene, respectively, and finally became restricted in East Asia since the Pleistocene. This indicates that the section originated and diversified in East Asia, before spreading into West Asia no later than the Oligocene and into southern Europe by the Pliocene. Subsequently it disappeared from South Europe and West Asia due to the appearance of the (summer dry) Mediterranean climate and widespread cooling during the Pleistocene.