Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effect of in vitro callus and in vivo rhizome of Paris polyphylla Sm

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity activity of in vitro-raised callus and in vivo-grown rhizome of the vulnerable medicinal plant Paris polyphylla. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, the antibacterial activity by agar-well diffusion assay, and cytotoxicity by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of rhizome (IC50 =197.06 ± 0.635 µg/mL) followed by a crude extract of rhizome (IC50 =339.60 ± 0.680 µg/mL). The DCM fractions showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 7.5 mg/mL against E. coli. Similarly, the methanol fraction had the lowest IC50 of 211.36 ± 0.570 µg/mL against MCF-7 cells and the DCM fraction 235.94 ± 0.720 µg/mL against HeLa cells, both of which showed no deleterious effects on normal epithelial cells. Additionally, the in vitro callus' antioxidant (IC50 =650.54 ± 0.515 µg/mL), antibacterial (inhibited 60 % of tested bacteria), and cytotoxic activities (IC50 =548.49 ± 0.580 µg/mL on HeLa cells) were comparable to those of the rhizome, and were reported for the first time in P. polyphylla. These results showed that P. polyphylla rhizome and in vitro-raised callus could be a rich source of natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anticancer for therapeutic usage.