Between- and Within-Person Correlates of Alcohol-Impaired Driving in First-Year University Students: The Roles of Impulsivity, Binge Drinking, Depression, and Anxiety.

These results support existing research regarding who is most likely to engage in AID (students with elevated impulsivity, binge drinking, and depression) and extend this research by identifying under what conditions AID is likeliest to occur (when impulsivity and binge drinking are higher than usual, and depression is lower than usual). The opposing between- and within-person associations of depression with AID highlight the need for careful specification of hypotheses, as findings at the between-person level may not generalize to the within-person level. Moving forward, research that elucidates not only for whom but also when AID occurs may be best positioned to inform intervention and prevention efforts among university students.