Combination of the lateral-flow immunoassay with multicolor gold nanorod etching for the semi-quantitative detection of digoxin

We are the first to combine the lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA) with gold nanorod (GNR) etching to achieve a multicolor readout where the color produced was correlated with digoxin concentrations in human serum in the relevant range for therapeutic drug monitoring of 0.5-3.0 ng mL(-1).