Ongoing Refinement and Adaptation are Required to Address Participant Deception in Online Nicotine and Tobacco Research Studies.

Deception in online nicotine and tobacco research is pervasive, difficult to detect with any single method, and not adequately captured by automated processes built into survey platforms. Manual screening of data at recruitment and throughout data collection, continual evolution of data quality checks, and attention to patterns of response require significant time and staffing to ensure data quality in online studies.