Three-dimensional forward analysis and real-time design of deep tunneling based on digital in-situ testing

•In-situ digital test-based forward analysis method was developed to dynamically update the rock mass parameters and perform subsequent 3D numerical simulations.•GZZ-based 3D numerical results agree better with physical model tests compared with the Mohr–Coulomb, Hoek–Brown, and Drucker–Prager strength criteria.•Stress and deformation evolution mechanisms during deep tunneling are revealed.•Steel arch distortion of a deep tunnel is closely related to σ2 and σ3, and the effect of σ2 increases with increasing buried depth.•Longitudinal and overall stiffness of the support system should be enhanced in deep tunneling design.