Urinary protein biomarker panel predicts esophageal squamous carcinoma from control cases and other tumors

Purpose Discovery of noninvasive urinary biomarkers for the early diagnosis of esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC). Methods We conducted proteomic analyses of 499 human urine samples obtained from healthy individuals ( n = 321) and ESCC ( n = 83), bladder cancer ( n = 17), breast cancer ( n = 12), colorectal cancer ( n = 16), lung cancer ( n = 33) and thyroid cancer ( n = 17) patients from multiple medical centers. Those samples were divided into a discovery set ( n = 247) and an independent validation set ( n = 157). Results Among urinary proteins identified in the comprehensive quantitative proteomics analysis, we selected a panel of three urinary biomarkers (ANXA1, S100A8, TMEM256), and established a logistic regression model in the discovery set that can correctly classify the majority of ESCC cases in the validation sets with the area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.825. This urinary biomarker panel not only discriminates ESCC patients from healthy individuals but also differentiates ESCC from other common tumors. Notably, the panel distinguishes stage I ESCC patients from healthy individuals with AUC values of 0.886. On the analysis of stage-specific biomarkers, another combination panel of protein (ANXA1, S100A8, SOD3, TMEM256) demonstrated a good AUC value of 0.792 for stage I ESCC. Conclusions Urinary biomarker panel represents a promising auxiliary diagnostic tool for ESCC, including early-stage ESCC.