Polyunsaturated fatty acids and metabolic health: novel insights

Purpose of review This review aims to discuss the potential roles of omega-3 (omega-3) and omega-6 (omega-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, to provide the latest evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies, and to highlight novel insights into this field. Recent findings Higher dietary or circulating omega-3 PUFA levels are related to a lower risk of metabolic syndrome. Novel findings in obesity indicate higher proportions of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs, a modulated oxylipin profile and an altered transcriptome in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, that seem resistant to the effects of omega-3 PUFAs compared with what occurs in normal weight individuals. omega-3 PUFAs may improve the blood lipid profile and glycemic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and reduce liver fat in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); the findings of several recent meta-analyses support these effects. Genetic background affects inter-individual variability in the insulin sensitivity response to omega-3 PUFA supplementation. omega-3 PUFAs have prebiotic effects, altering the gut microbiota. Summary Although evidence for health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs is strong, recent findings suggest a more personalized approach to omega-3 PUFA intake for individuals at high risk for metabolic diseases.