Protocols to culture and harvest hepatic tumor organoids for metabolic assays

Three-dimensional organoids, which resemble the pathophysiology and struc-tural architecture of the original tissues, are a preferable in vitro model system for assessing metabolic activities in response to various environmental or nutri-tional changes. Here, we describe step-by-step protocols to establish and culture mouse and human hepatic tumor organoids. We also describe two straightfor-ward and efficient approaches to harvest tumor organoids for investigating the effects of metabolites/drugs on viability and metabolic functions of tumor orga-noids.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tong et al. (2018), Leung et al. (2020), Tong et al. (2021), and Xu et al. (2021).