Benthic community diversity at marine archaeological site, pulau bidong, south china sea

An artificial structure on the seafloor will affect the structure of the benthic community. This structure may include a sunken ship or a century-old building that becomes an underwater heritage site. Benthic communities at underwater archaeological sites have been studied around the world, though it is lacking in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the benthic community composition and diversity in sediment and on an artifact (small ceramic pot) at the marine “Bidong shipwreck” archaeological site. SCUBA divers collected samples (sediment and artifact) from an 18 m depth archaeological site in October 2017. Then, all samples were fixed with 10% buffered formalin and preserved in 80% ethanol prior to identification analysis. Most benthic organisms were identified until class taxon, except for class Polychaeta until family. A total of 2711 benthic organisms which belonged to eight phyla, and 17 classes were recorded, of which 638 are polychaetes. In the archaeological site, Syllidae was the most abundant family in the sediment, and the family Nereididae dominated in artifact while Capitellidae was dominant at the control site. Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed variation and ranged from 1.5 to 2.1, while the evenness index value ranged from 0.56 to 0.77. The benthic community in sediment on both sites were more diverse and even compared to the artifact. Simultaneously, Jaccard’s similarity test discovered that the benthic community’s composition in sediment at the control site was highly similar to the archaeological site (0.80) comparatively to the artifact (0.65). It is suggested that the benthic community at the archaeological site has reached an equilibrium state similar to the control site. The scouring process may influence the lower benthic community composition on the artifact than sediments in its surroundings. These findings provide an overview of benthic community’s post-disturbance resilience and reveal a marine archaeological site’s ecological status.