Integration of probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization for perchlorate in infant formula and supplementary food

Infants are the primary susceptible population to perchlorate exposure-related adverse health effects, while in-formation on their dietary intake of perchlorate via infant food remains limited. This study determined perchlorate in six categories of baby food commodities commonly consumed by 0-36 months infants. A prob-abilistic approach with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate perchlorate's daily intake (EDI) considering uncertainty and variability. Results showed that the average perchlorate concentration in infant food ranged from 3.42 to 22.26 mu g/kg. The mean (SD) EDIs of perchlorate were 0.42(0.20), 0.62(0.20), and 0.46(0.14) mu g/kg-bw/day for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36-months infants, respectively. Infant formula was the major contributor (34%- 74%) to EDIs of perchlorate in all age groups. Probabilistic risk characterization showed the cumulative prob-ability of EDIs exceeding the RfD (0.70 mu g/kg-bw/day) were 6.5%, 37.9%, and 4.5% for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36 -months infants, respectively. The cumulative risk of perchlorate exposure from different infant food intake should be noted.