Duration of inter-pregnancy interval and its predictors among pregnant women in urban South Ethiopia: Cox gamma shared frailty modeling.

In the study settings, the duration of the inter-pregnancy interval was shorter than the World Health Organization recommendation. There is a need to improve contraceptive use and breastfeeding duration to maximize the inter-pregnancy interval. Men's involvement in reproductive health services and advocacy for women's reproductive decision-making autonomy are fundamental. The contextual disparities in the inter-pregnancy interval suggests further study and interventions.