Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: What Has Changed in Recent Years?

Simple Summary Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neoplasm that is responsible for a fair proportion of thyroid carcinoma related deaths. The current diagnostic and therapeutic standards are not always effective and need to be upgraded. The role of biomarkers and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of MTC is highlighted. Opportunities for improved diagnostics have been seen with the development of nuclear medicine. Some studies have highlighted the possibility of reducing the number of complications during surgical treatment, which is the basic therapeutic method in patients with MTC. Current pharmacotherapy is imperfect, but there is ongoing research into the use of new, more selective drugs. The following paper discusses recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of MTC. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neoplasm originating from parafollicular C cells. MTC is a rare disease, but its prognosis is less favorable than that of well-differentiated thyroid cancers. To improve the prognosis of patients with MTC, early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic management are crucial. In the following paper, recent advances in laboratory and imaging diagnostics and also pharmacological and surgical therapies of MTC are discussed. Currently, a thriving direction of development for laboratory diagnostics is immunohistochemistry. The primary imaging modality in the diagnosis of MTC is the ultrasound, but opportunities for development are seen primarily in nuclear medicine techniques. Surgical management is the primary method of treating MTCs. There are numerous publications concerning the stratification of particular lymph node compartments for removal. With the introduction of more effective methods of intraoperative parathyroid identification, the complication rate of surgical treatment may be reduced. The currently used pharmacotherapy is characterized by high toxicity. Moreover, the main limitation of current pharmacotherapy is the development of drug resistance. Currently, there is ongoing research on the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), highly specific RET inhibitors, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. These new therapies may improve the prognosis of patients with MTCs.