Hermetia illucens L. larvae-associated intestinal microbes reduce the transmission risk of zoonotic pathogens in pig manure

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are considered a promising biological reactor to convert organic waste and reduce the impact of zoonotic pathogens on the environment. We analysed the effects of BSF larvae on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. populations in pig manure (PM), which showed that BSF larvae can significantly reduce the counts of the associated S. aureus and Salmonella spp. Then, using a sterile BSF larval system, we validated the function of BSF larval intestinal microbiota in vivo to suppress pathogens, and lastly, we isolated eight bacterial strains from the BSF larval gut that inhibit S. aureus. Results indicated that functional microbes are essential for BSF larvae to antagonise S. aureus. Moreover, the analysis results of the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and S. aureus and Salmonella spp. showed that Myroides, Tissierella, Oblitimonas, Paenalcalignes, Terrisporobacter, Clostridium, Fastidiosipila, Pseudomonas, Ignatzschineria, Savagea, Moheibacter and Sphingobacterium were negatively correlated with S. aureus and Salmonella. Overall, these results suggested that the potential ability of BSF larvae to inhibit S. aureus and Salmonella spp. present in PM is accomplished primarily by gut-associated microorganisms.