Headspace GC/MS and fast GC e-nose combined with chemometric analysis to identify the varieties and geographical origins of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

•Two varieties of ginger can be successfully discriminated by HS-GC–MS.•Seven ginger-producing areas were distinguished by fast GC e-nose within 100 s.•Chemometrics and algorithms were explored to identify ginger varieties and origins.•α-Citral and β-citral can be selected for the variety tracing of ginger.•The flavor compounds can be selected for geographical origin tracing of ginger.