Microplastic hazard, management, remediation, and control strategies: a review

Understanding microplastic distribution within natural systems and its ecological impact is a worldwide concern. Here, we review the distribution and impact of microplastic across aquatic and terrestrial habitats including humans. In comparison with marine, freshwater environments have reported limited studies, whereas studies indicating microplastic contamination of terrestrial systems are very few. Therefore, comprehensive assessment of microplastic pollution is essential for effective management and control. Further, improving techniques and expanding microplastic research are needed to highlight intense research requirements in the future. Improper management of plastic has been observed to increase overall plastic contamination in recent years. Successful implementation of proper management is crucial for preventing the hazardous effects of microplastic pollution. Inexpensive recycling procedures and biodegradation of polymers are being implemented for the efficient recovery of plastic waste. Such remediation needs to be focused in detail to control the adverse consequences related to the improper discarding of plastic waste.