beta-Barrel Nanopores with an Acidic-Aromatic Sensing Region Identify Proteinogenic Peptides at Low pH

Biological nanopores are emerging as sensitive single-molecule sensors for proteins and peptides. The heterogeneous charge of a polypeptide chain, however, can complicate or prevent the capture and translocation of peptides and unfolded proteins across nanopores. Here, we show that two beta-barrel nanopores, aerolysin and cytotoxin K, cannot efficiently detect proteinogenic peptides from a trypsinated protein under a wide range of conditions. However, the introduction of an acidic-aromatic sensing region in the beta-barrel dramatically increased the dwell time and the discrimination of peptides in the nanopore at acidic pH. Surprisingly, despite the fact that the two beta-barrel nanopores have a similar diameter and an acidic-aromatic construction, their capture mechanisms differ. The electro-osmotic flow played a dominant role for aerolysin, while the electrophoretic force dominated for cytotoxin K. Nonetheless, both beta-barrel nanopores allowed the detection of mixtures of trypsinated peptides, with aerolysin nanopores showing a better resolution for larger peptides and cytotoxin K showing a better resolution for shorter peptides. Therefore, this work provides a generic strategy for modifying nanopores for peptide detection that will be most likely be applicable to other nanopore-forming toxins.