Bifurcations, stability analysis and complex dynamics of Caputo fractal-fractional cancer model

The association of cancer and immune cells has complex nature and produces chaotic behavior when it is simulated. The newly introduced operators which combine the fractal and fractional operators produce excellent and profound hidden attractors in a chaotic system which is sometimes not possible to get hidden attractors using integer order operators. The cancer model is considered under fractal fractional operator in Caputo sense. Linear stability of different equilibrium points is analyzed. The primary objective of the current paper is to analyze different bifurcations like pitch-fork, quasi, and inverse period-doubling bifurcations. Another important objective of this article is to study hidden limit cycle type chaotic structures of the cancer model via Caputo fractal-fractional operator. The existence and uniqueness of the solution and Ulam–Hyres (UH) stability are studied through the concepts of nonlinear analysis. The numerical solution is derived through the predictor-corrector method. The obtained results were presented and validated through numerical simulations. The lyapunov spectra of the state variables are presented through graphical illustration and table. Sensitivity of the state variables to the initial conditions are simulated for initial conditions 0.1 and 0.11. For various values of fractal dimensions and fractional orders, the time series oscillations and hidden limit cycles type chaotic attractors are graphically presented through MATLAB-17.