The Impact of Air Pollution and Aeroallergens Levels on Upper Airway Acute Diseases at Urban Scale

Air pollution (AP) represents one of the main environmental threats to public health and exposure to AP has been connected to upper airway (UA ) disease. We evaluated the relationships between the ENT urgent referrals recorded at the Hospital of Padua and the daily levels of particulate matter (PM) as well as other environmental factors in a single year. Patients with UA disorders were included in the study group while those referred for facial trauma or foreign body inhalation formed the control group. Daily PM concentrations, meteorological data and the concentrations of the commonest aeroallergens were obtained. 6368 patients formed the study group and 910 the control one. The concentration of compositae allergens showed a positive effect on the total number of admissions ( p = 0.001). PM 10 did not demonstrate an effect on the total number of admissions or either the study or control groups admissions ( p = 0.25). Alternaria positively influenced admissions of patients in the study group ( p = 0.005). Significant relationships were found between the following: PM 10 measured on the seventh day before A&E admission and rhinosinusitis ( p = 0.007), PM 10 on the fifth day and laryngitis ( p = 0.01), PM 10 on the second day and otitis media ( p = 0.03), PM 10 on the admission day and epistaxis ( p = 0.0198). Our study confirms the causal relationship between aeroallergen concentration and ENT admissions. The levels of PM 10 at specific days preceding A&E admission correlated with certain UA disorders. This study strongly points towards the harmful effects of pollution and climate change on UA disease.