The last hope: the struggle for survival of fan mussels in the Gulf of Erdek, Sea of Marmara, Turkey

This study presents the results of the first broad-scale assessment of the spatial distribution of the fan mussel (Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758) population in the Gulf of Erdek (Sea of Marmara, Turkey), based on underwater surveys. The population density and structure of mussels were estimated by diving along strip transects between the shoreline and a depth of 15.8 m, in a study area of 9080 km(2). A total of 2164 mussels were counted, of which 78.8% were alive, and 21.2% were dead in 29 sites. The mean density was calculated as 18.3 +/- 3.3 ind.100 m(-2), and recorded densities reached 71.2 ind.100 m(-2) among the studied sites. Although mussel density was very high (>15 ind.100 m(-2)) in nine sites, dead mussels were also recorded in the gulf. Benthic habitats, depth range, and exposure levels seem to play a crucial role in the spatial distribution and survival of fan mussels. The average height (+/- SE) was calculated as 19.5 +/- 0.35 cm and 24.9 +/- 0.37 cm for alive and dead mussels, respectively. The percentage of juveniles (<= 20 cm) was 57% in the population, and they dominated in seagrass meadow beds and shallow waters. Despite many deaths due to uncertain causes, the results indicate a partially promising scenario for the fan mussel population in the Gulf of Erdek and highlight the existence of many alive juveniles that could play a primary role in the sustainability of the population. This situation is not static, as anthropogenic changes and human activities could affect population welfare in the future. These high-density sites need to be protected, and protection measures in these locations should include all effects that may cause incidental mortality.