Fabrication of Nano Iron Oxide-Modified Biochar from Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization of Microalgae and Fe(II) Salt for Efficient Removal of Rhodamine B

Dye adsorption by magnetic modified biochar has now received growing interest due to its excellent adsorption performance and facile separation for recycling. In this study, nano iron oxide-modified biochar was fabricated via the successive hydrothermal-pyrolyzing method using Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) and FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O as raw materials, and its adsorption on Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution was studied. Multiple techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to comprehensively characterize the structure, morphology and physicochemical properties of the adsorbent. The as-synthesized nano iron oxide-modified biochar (CBC-Fe(II)) exhibited a large surface area (527.6 m(2)/g) and high magnetic saturation value (13.7 emu/g) to facilitate magnetic separation. Compared with CBC and CBC-Fe(III), CBC-Fe(II) exhibited superior adsorption ability towards RhB in aqueous solution, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 286.4 mg/g. The adsorption process of RhB onto CBC-Fe(II) was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer chemisorption behaviors for the adsorption system. Facile preparation, great adsorption performance and magnetic recovery properties endow CBC-Fe(II) to be a promising adsorbent for dye removal.