Molecular genotypic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 reveals the predominance of PCV2d in Vietnam (2018–2020) and the association between PCV2h, the recombinant forms, and Vietnamese vaccines

We conducted nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus ORF2 (Cap protein) from 17 PCV2-positive clinical samples from nine different northern Vietnamese provinces (Mar 2018–Nov 2020), four local vaccines, and 77 reference strains. We identified one PCV2a (1/17 = 5.9%), five PCV2b (5/17 = 29.9%), and 11 PCV2d (11/17 = 64.7%) isolates, while only PCV2d was detected in 2020. Timeline analysis indicated an increasing predominance of PCV2d nationwide (2018–2020). With strong nodal support (98% for nucleotides and 74% for amino acids), the phylogenetic tree topology revealed a distinct PCV2h clade including recombinant/intermediate strains and local vaccines. The Cap protein sequences from 11 PCV2d field strains had the 2d-genotype-typical motif 86 SNPLSV 91 in loop CD, the motif TGID in loop GH-HI, and the motif 230 PLNPK 234 in loop CT. The PCV2h isolates (and vaccines) had the 86 SNPLSV 91 , SAID, and 230 L(N/H)PK 234 motifs. Selection pressure analysis indicated positive selection at seven sites: A 68 N in immunoreactive region (IRR)-A; 119 G and 130 V in IRR-B; and 167 L, T 190 (A/S), 194 D and 202 F in IRR-C. We identified PCV2h as the genotype of the recombinant strains, which resulted from intergenotype recombination of PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d. The current data provide new information about the diversity, distribution, and dominance of the PCV2 genotype in Vietnam.