A New Methodology for Wheat Attenuation Correction at C-Band VV-Polarized Backscatter Time Series

Wheat is one of the most important crops worldwide, and thus, the use of remote sensing data for wheat monitoring has attracted much interest. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations show that at C-band and VV polarization, wheat canopy attenuates the surface scattering component from the underlying soil during a significant part of its growth cycle. This behavior needs to be accounted for or corrected before soil moisture (SM) retrieval is attempted. The objective of this article is to develop a new method for wheat attenuation correction (WATCOR) applicable to Sentinel-1 VV time series and based solely on the information contained in the time series itself. The hypothesis of WATCOR is that without attenuation, VV backscatter would follow a stable long-term trend during the agricultural season, with short-term variations caused by SM dynamics. The method relies on time-series smoothing and changing point detection, and its implementation follows a series of simple steps. The performance of the method was compared by evaluating the correlation between backscatter and SM content in six wheat fields with available SM data. The water cloud model (WCM) was also applied as a benchmark. The results showed that WATCOR successfully removed the attenuation in the time series and achieved the highest correlation with SM, thus improving markedly the correlation of the original backscatter. WATCOR can be easily implemented, as it does not require parameterization or any external data, only an approximate indication of the period where attenuation is likely to occur.