Hybrid rendering for interactive visualization of mantle convection

In this article, we describe our system for visualizing convection in the Earth's mantle using hybrid rendering-a combination of interactive raytracing, raycasting, and conventional rasterization graphics. The dataset for the SciVis 2021 contest includes a velocity vector field and multiple scalar fields, such as temperature and thermal conductivity anomalies, which we display using isosurface raycasting, streamlines, and line integral convolution, among other techniques. We demonstrate how these methods can be used to explore the dataset, identify slabs, plumes, and stagnations, and detect the influence of 660-km depth endothermic phase transition and mid-mantle spin transition on the mantle dynamics.