Review of China's Online Education Policy, 1999-2022

PurposeThis study traces the development of China's online education policy over the past 20 years.Design/Approach/MethodsEmploying a textual research method, this study examines online education policymakers, policy content and influence, and related policies and regulations.FindingsThis study identifies the starting point of China's online education policy and divides its development into four stages: namely, the pilot exploration stage (1999-2002), the standard development stage (2002-2012), the transformation stage (2012-2017), and the governance improvement stage (2017-present). Policy development reflects three characteristics: the need to meet the requirements of the times, shifting from a single management to multiple governance approach, and developing from one object for some people to one object for everyone. Current policy focuses on regulating institutions, content, and products, as well as guiding social capital to participate in online education.Originality/ValueThis study systematically analyzes the development of China's online education policies, discerns policy characteristics, and identifies current policy priorities. In doing so, this study enhances our understanding of the current status and potential needs of online education in China so as to promote its development from the perspective of education policy and governance.