Secured Multi-Layer Blockchain Framework for IoT Aggregate Verification

Technologies designed for digital provenance, especially the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, may allow for security, transparency, and traceability in the global supply chain.However, upstream nodes in the supply chain that work for large-scale production suppliers are not considered.In addition, most IoT blockchain systems adopt an ID-based signature scheme that may affect the efficiency of IoT devices.We propose using aggregate verification to improve the security and efficiency of ID-based verification, reduce network traffic on the blockchain, and transfer computing overhead to aggregator nodes.This paper implements a multi-layer blockchain for Agriculture 4.0 supply chain management that has higher efficiency, effectiveness, and security in comparison to conventional blockchains.We design a Multi-Layer Aggregate Verification (MLAV) solution to improve supply chain management with IoT Blockchain for Agriculture 4.0 through the following methods.First, we use a multi-layer IoT blockchain system to reduce Ethereum gas fee.Second, we design an ID-based Aggregate Verification scheme, thereby eliminating the certificate management cost in the traditional Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and reducing bandwidth and computation time requirements.Third, we implement a three-layer blockchain infrastructure.In Layer 1, IoT devices sense and upload data to the system's database; in Layer 2, smart contracts execute aggregate ID-based signature verification from IoT devices and upload the transactions to the private blockchain; in Layer 3, a batch converts the layer 2 data and uploads its Merkle root to Ethereum, thereby reducing the required gas fee.