Immunogenicity of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide in people living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy.

Although IgG levels of all 24 vaccine serotypes increased significantly in both PLWH and controls, only a minority of PLWH achieved seroprotection after PCV13 followed by PPSV23. In addition, protective immunity waned rapidly. Further research into alternative vaccinations strategies for PLWH is needed, such as vaccination schedules with higher-valent pneumococcal vaccines. The DTP vaccine may augment pneumococcal vaccination responses.