Using structured implementation interventions to improve referral to substance use treatment among justice-involved youth: Findings from a multisite cluster randomized trial

•Nearly half of youth were identified as being in need of treatment, but most youth in need were not referred to treatment•Referrals increased among youth in need of treatment, over baseline; the Enhanced intervention yielded higher referrals•Higher supervision, alcohol or drug charge or testing positive, felony, secure detention related to higher treatment referral•Hispanic and Black youth less likely than whites to be referred•There were substantial differences in referral rates across sites, and variation in experimental impact across sites