The anti-diabetic activity of polyphenols-rich vinegar extract in mice via regulating gut microbiota and liver inflammation

Polyphenols in vinegar are benefit to human health. The purpose of this research was to identify the polyphenols-rich vinegar extract (VE) and evaluate the anti-diabetic mechanisms in vivo. The results showed that 29 poly-phenols were identified by UPLC-Q/Trap-MS/MS analysis. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and ethyl fer-ulate were the main polyphenols. In addition, VE relieved the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by down-regulating blood glucose and lipemia. VE reduced inflammation by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Furthermore, VE treatment restored gut microbiota dysbiosis (upregulating Bacteroidetes, Lactoba-cillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides and downregulating Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Enterorhabdus abun-dances), and increased short chain fatty acids contents in diabetic mice, which participated in anti-diabetic effect of VE by correlation analysis. These findings suggest that VE may be a candidate for T2DM intervention by regulating gut microbiota and inflammation.