Oxidative Stress in Far Eastern Mussel Mytilus trossulus (Gould, 1850) Exposed to Combined Polystyrene Microspheres (PSs) and CuO-Nanoparticles (CuO-NPs)

The ingress of nanoparticles of metal oxides and microfragments of synthetic polymers (microplastics) into a marine environment causes unpredictable consequences. The effects of such particles cannot be predicted due to a lack of ecotoxicological information. In this research, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted on the combined effects of CuO-nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and polystyrene microspheres (mu PSs) on the development of oxidative stress processes in the marine filter-feeder mollusk Mytilus trossulus. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, including the lysosome membrane stability of hematocytes (LMS), the index of antioxidant activity (IAA), the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PCs), and DNA damage in digestive gland cells, were measured after 5 days of exposure. Based on a battery of biochemical markers, it was shown that oxidative stress was induced at varying degrees in the experimental mollusks when exposed to CuO-NPs and mu PSs both separately and in combination. In contrast, the single-treatment effect on the lysosomal membrane was enhanced by the combined CuO-NPs and mu PSs (from 77.14 +/- 8.56 to 42 +/- 4.26 min). In addition, exposure to both the compounds alone and in combination decreased the IAA (from 22.87 +/- 1.25, to 19.55 +/- 0.21, 10.73 +/- 0.53, and 12.06 +/- 1.62 nM/mg protein, respectively). The PC level significantly increased only after CuO-NP exposure (from 0.496 +/- 0.02 to 0.838 +/- 0.03 mu M/mg protein). Furthermore, the results showed that the investigated particles, both alone and in combination, promoted DNA damage in digestive gland cells (from 2.02 +/- 0.52 to 5.15 +/- 0.37, 18.29 +/- 2.14, and 10.72 +/- 2.53%, respectively), indicating that these compounds are genotoxic. Overall, the results obtained suggest that oxidative stress is the leading factor in the negative effects of CuO-NPs and mu PSs. Considering the exceptional role of genome integrity in the functioning of biological systems, the revealed damages in the DNA molecule structure should be attributed to the most important manifestations of the toxicity of these two forms of marine pollution.