Sustainability assessment of topsoil ecology in Chongqing, China based on the application of livestock and poultry manure

China is the world's largest livestock and poultry breeding country. Heavy metal trace element additives are widely used to prevent animal diseases and promote their growth. China produces approximately 3.8 billion tons of livestock and poultry manure annually, and untreated livestock and poultry manure causes a large amount of heavy metal elements to enter the soil environment. Currently, there is limited research on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil due to the continuous application of livestock and poultry manure, the resulting pollution risk and the negative effects on soil ecology sustainability. This study thoroughly investigated the effects of livestock and poultry manure on the composition and function of soil microbial, and heavy metal resistance genes using 16S and metagene sequencing and 6 years of field experiments. The application of live-stock and poultry manure for 6 consecutive years increased the accumulation of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) in the soil at the experimental sites, and cadmium (Cd) and Hg had higher potential risk levels (single potential ecological risk coefficients (E-r(i)) of Hg and Cd were 190.49-336.52 and 385.43-468.52, respectively). Firmicutes and Zoopagomycota were significantly correlated with the soil Zn and Cd contents and pH. After continuous application of manure, the relative abundance of Hg resistance genes (merA) in soil increased by 7.3-8.2 times compared with inorganic feitilizer treatment (IF), and Cu resistance genes (copF and actP) increased by 2.45-5.45 times and 3.8-4.6 times. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by recon-struction of unobserved states (PICRUSt2) and metagenomic function prediction indicated that resistance genes, antioxidant response, and metal output played an important role in heavy metal bioresistance and biotrans -formation. This work presented heavy metal contents, microbial composition and resistance genes in continuous application of livestock and poultry manure in China, and these data will be of great use in the surveillance, maintenance, and biological removal of heavy metals in manure.