Closed-Loop Systems in Neuromodulation: Electrophysiology and Wearables

Closed-loop spinal cord stimulators and wearable technology that can be used as a component of the closed-loop system or independently to track and measure bio-signals are promising. ECAPs are the biosignal used for closed-loop neurostimulator systems currently available, but there are new biomarkers being evaluated. Studies have demonstrated the superiority of closed-loop systems in pain management compared with traditional open-loop SCSs. Long-term effects on patient quality of life and functional outcomes still need to be determined. Wearables are promising technology that still need to overcome challenges related to interactions with external devices, and data protection concerns.