Inappropriate Authorship: The Guilty Secret of Authors and Editors

1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work, and 2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content, and 3. Final approval of the version to be published, and 4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work he or she has done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work.