Current State and Challenges in Development of Targeted Therapies in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) encompass a variety of myeloid neoplasms characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis. The interaction of abnormal clonal hematopoiesis and changes in the bone marrow microenvironment propagate abnormal clones. Advances in next generation sequencing has identified over 100 somatic mutations, but despite deepened understanding of the genetics of MDS, therapeutic discoveries have remained limited. To date, only five drugs have been approved for MDS: Azacitidine, Decitabine, Lenalidomide, Luspatercept, and oral Decitabine with Cedazuridine. Current strategies for low-risk MDS continue to focus on symptomatic management and correction of cytopenias, while treatment for high-risk MDS focuses on delaying progression of disease and improving survival. In this review we discuss some of the challenges in developing pre-clinical models of MDS in which to test therapeutics, the advances that have been made, and promising novel therapeutics in the pipeline.