Indication of a mass-dependent anisotropy above $10^{18.7}\,$eV in the hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Eric Mayotte,Pedro Abreu,Marco Aglietta,Justin M. Albury,Ingomar Allekotte,Alejandro Almela,Jaime Alvarez-Muniz,Rafael Alves Batista,Gioacchino Alex Anastasi,Luis A. Anchordoqui,Belén Andrada,Sofia Andringa,Carla Aramo,Paulo Ricardo Araújo Ferreira,Juan Carlos Arteaga Velazquez,Hernán Gonzalo Asorey,Pedro Assis,Gualberto Avila,Alina Mihaela Badescu,Alena Bakalova,Alexandru Balaceanu,Felicia Barbato,Ricardo Jorge Barreira Luz,Karl-Heinz Becker,Jose A. Bellido,Corinne Berat,Mario Edoardo Bertaina,Xavier Bertou,Peter L. Biermann,Virginia Binet,Kathrin Bismark,Teresa Bister,Jonathan Biteau,Jiri Blazek,Carla Bleve,Martina Bohacova,Denise Boncioli,Carla Bonifazi,Luan Bonneau Arbeletche,Nataliia Borodai,Ana Martina Botti,Jeffrey Brack,Thomas Bretz,P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera,Florian Lukas Briechle,Peter Buchholz,Antonio Bueno,Stijn Buitink,Mario Buscemi,Max Büsken,Karen S. Caballero-Mora,Lorenzo Caccianiga,Fabrizia Canfora,Ioana Caracas,Juan Miguel Carceller,Rossella Caruso,Antonella Castellina,Fernando Catalani,Gabriella Cataldi,Lorenzo Cazon,Marcos Cerda,Jose Augusto Chinellato,Jiří Chudoba,Ladislav Chytka,Roger W Clay,Agustín Cobos Cerutti,Roberta Colalillo,Alan Coleman,Maria Rita Coluccia,Rúben Conceição,Antonio Condorelli,Giovanni Consolati,Fernando Contreras,Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos,Corbin Covault,Sergio Dasso,Kai Daumiller,Bruce R. Dawson,Jarryd A. Day,Rogerio M. de Almeida,Joaquín de Jesús,Sijbrand J. de Jong,Giuseppe De Mauro,João de Mello Neto,Ivan De Mitri,Jaime de Oliveira,Danelise de Oliveira Franco,Francesco de Palma,Vitor de Souza,Emanuele De Vito,Mariano del Río,Olivier Deligny,Luca Deval,Armando di Matteo,Carola Dobrigkeit,Juan Carlos D'Olivo,Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes,Rita dos Anjos, Diego dos Santos,Maria Teresa Dova,Jan Ebr,Ralph Engel,Italo Epicoco,Martin Erdmann,Carlos O. Escobar,Alberto Etchegoyen,Heino Falcke,John Farmer,Glennys R. Farrar,Anderson Fauth,Norberto Fazzini,Fridtjof Feldbusch,Francesco Fenu,Brian Fick,Juan Manuel Figueira,Andrej Filipcic,Thomas Fitoussi,Tomáš Fodran,Martín Miguel Freire,Toshihiro Fujii,Alan Fuster,Cristina Galea,Claudio Galelli,Beatriz García, Adrianna Luz García Vegas,Hartmut Gemmeke,Flavia Gesualdi,Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu,Piera Luisa Ghia,Ugo GIACCARI,Marco Giammarchi,Jonas Glombitza,Fabian Gobbi,Fernando Gollan,Geraldina Golup,Mariano Gómez Berisso,Primo F. Gómez Vitale,Juan Pablo Gongora,Juan Manuel González,Nicolas Martin Gonzalez,Isabel Goos,Dariusz Gora,Alessio Gorgi,Marvin Gottowik,Trent D. Grubb,Fausto Guarino,Germano Guedes,Eleonora Guido,Steffen Hahn,Petr Hamal,Matías Rolf Hampel,Patricia María Hansen,Diego Harari,Violet M. Harvey,Andreas Haungs,Thomas Hebbeker,Dieter Heck,Gary C. Hill,Carlos Hojvat,Jörg Hörandel,Pavel Horvath,Miroslav Hrabovsky,Tim Huege,Antonio Insolia,Paula Gina Isar,Petr Janecek,Jeffrey A. Johnsen,Jakub Juryšek,Alex Kääpä,Karl-Heinz Kampert,Nikolaos Karastathis,Bianca Keilhauer,Julian Kemp,Abha Khakurdikar,Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam,Hans Klages,Matthias Kleifges,Jonny Kleinfeller,Marcel Köpke,Norbert Kunka,Bruno L. Lago,Rodrigo Guedes Lang,Niklas Langner,Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira,Vladimir Lenok,Antoine Letessier-Selvon,Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon,Domenico Lo Presti,Luis LOPES,Rebeca López,Lu Lu,Quentin Luce,Jon Paul Lundquist,Allan Machado Payeras,Giovanni Mancarella,Dusan Mandat,Bradley C. Manning,Julien Manshanden,Paul Mantsch,Sullivan Marafico,Analisa Mariazzi,Ioana Codrina Maris,Giovanni Marsella,Daniele Martello,Sara Martinelli,Oscar Martínez Bravo,Massimo Mastrodicasa,Hermann-Josef Mathes,James Matthews,Giorgio Matthiae,Peter Mazur,Gustavo Medina-Tanco,Diego Melo,Alexander Menshikov,Kevin-Druis Merenda,Stanislav Michal,Maria Isabel Micheletti,Lino Miramonti,Silvia Mollerach,François Montanet,Carlo Morello,Miguel Mostafa,Ana L. Müller,Marcio Aparecido Muller,Katharine Mulrey,Roberto Mussa,Marco Stein Muzio,Wilson M. Namasaka, Alina Nasr-Esfahani,Lukas Nellen,Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu,Marcus Niechciol,Dave Nitz,Dalibor Nosek,Vladimír Novotný,Libor Nozka,Achille Nucita,Luis A. Nunez,Miroslav Palatka,Juan Pallotta,Philipp Papenbreer,Gonzalo Parente,Alejandra Parra,Jannis Pawlowsky,Miroslav Pech,Francisco Pedreira,Jan Pękala,Rodrigo Pelayo,Jesús Peña-Rodríguez,Edyvania Emily Pereira Martins,Johnnier Perez Armand,Carmina Pérez Bertolli,Matías Perlin,Lorenzo Perrone,Sergio Petrera,Tanguy Pierog,Mário Pimenta,Valerio Pirronello,Manuel Platino,Bjarni Pont,Mart Pothast,Paolo Privitera,Michael Prouza,Andrew Puyleart,Sven Querchfeld,Julian Rautenberg,Diego Ravignani,Maximilian Reininghaus,Jan Ridky,Felix Riehn,Markus Risse,Vincenzo Rizi,Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho,Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo,Matías J. Roncoroni,Simone Rossoni,Markus Roth,Esteban Roulet,Adrian Rovero,Philip Ruehl,Alexandra Saftoiu,Francesco Salamida,Humberto Ibarguen Salazar,Gaetano Salina,Jose Sanabria Gomez, Federico Andrés Sánchez,Edivaldo Moura Santos,Eva Santos,Fred Sarazin,Raul Sarmento,Christian Sarmiento-Cano,Ricardo Sato,Pierpaolo Savina,Christoph M. Schäfer,Viviana Scherini,Harald Schieler,Martin Schimassek,Michael Schimp,Felix Schlüter,David Schmidt,Olaf Scholten,Petr Schovanek,Frank G. Schröder,Sonja Schröder,Josina Schulte,Sergio Sciutto,Marina Scornavacche,Alberto Segreto, Srijan Sehgal,Ronald C. Shellard,Guenter Sigl,Gaia Silli,Octavian Sima,Radomir Smida,Paul Sommers,Jorge F. Soriano,Julien Souchard,Ruben Squartini,Maximilian Stadelmaier,Denis Stanca,Samo Stanič,Jaroslaw Stasielak,Patrick Stassi,Alexander Streich,Mauricio Suárez-Durán,Tristan Sudholz,Tiina Suomijarvi,A. Daniel Supanitsky,Zbigniew Szadkowski,Alex Tapia,Carla Taricco,Charles Timmermans,Olena Tkachenko,Petr Tobiska,Carlos J. Todero Peixoto,Bernardo Tomé,Zoé Torrès,Andres Travaini,Petr Travnicek,Caterina Trimarelli,Matias Tueros,Ralf Ulrich,Michael Unger,Lukáš Vaclavek,Martin Vacula,Jose F. Valdés Galicia,Laura Valore,Enrique Varela,Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez,Darko Veberic,Cynthia Ventura,Indira D. Vergara Quispe,Valerio Verzi,Jakub Vicha,Jacco Vink,Serguei Vorobiov,Hernan Wahlberg, Clara Keiko Oliveira Watanabe,Alan Watson,Marc Weber,Andreas Weindl,Lawrence Wiencke,Henryk Wilczyński,Marcus Wirtz,David Wittkowski,Brian Wundheiler,Alexey Yushkov,Orazio Zapparrata,Enrique Zas,Danilo Zavrtanik,Marko Zavrtanik,Lukas Zehrer

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)(2021)

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摘要
We test the hypothesis of an anisotropy laying along the galactic plane which depends on the mass of primary cosmic-rays. The sensitivity to primary mass is provided by the depth of shower maximum, $X_\text{max}$, from hybrid events measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The 14 years of available data are split into on- and off-plane regions using the galactic latitude of each event to form two distributions in $X_\text{max}$, which are compared using the Anderson-Darling 2-samples test. A scan over a subset of the data is used to select an optimal threshold energy of $10^{18.7}$ eV and a galactic latitude splitting at $|b| = 30^\circ$, which are then set as a prescription for the remaining data. With these thresholds, the distribution of $X_\text{max}$ from the on-plane region is found to have a $9.1 \pm 1.6^{+2.1}_{-2.2}$ g/cm$^{2}$ shallower mean and a $5.9\pm2.1^{+3.5}_{-2.5}$ g/cm$^{2}$ narrower width than that of the off-plane region. These differences are as such to indicate that the mean mass of primary particles arriving from the on-plane region is greater than that of those coming from the off-plane region. Monte-Carlo studies yield a $4.4\,\sigma$ post-penalization statistical significance for the independent data. Including the scanned data results in a $4.9^{+1.4}_{-1.5}\,\sigma$ post-penalization statistical significance, where the uncertainties are of systematic origin. Accounting for systematic uncertainties leads to an indication for anisotropy in mass composition above $10^{18.7}$ eV at a confidence level of $3.3\,\sigma$. The anisotropy is observed independently at each of the four fluorescence telescope sites. Interpretations of possible causes of the observed effect are discussed.
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pierre auger observatory,mass-dependent
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