Finalizing the instrument adapted to measure entrepreneurial motivation

The objective of this study is to develop and validate an instrument to measure entrepreneurial motivation among the low-income households in Kelantan, Malaysia. The present study attempts to answer the call of existing studies, which reported inadequate entrepreneurship research within developing economies by examining the constructs of Self-Improvement, Self-Confidence, Openness to Change, Pull Factors, and Need for Achievement as components of an instrument to measure Entrepreneurial Motivation. This study adopted a cross-sectional design with quantitative data collected from 800 households in four districts in Kelantan, Malaysia, through a structured interview. Based on the reliability and validity testing, this study finalized the instrument to 25 items yielding five factors, i.e., selfimprovement, self-confidence, openness to change, pull factors, and need for achievement. The findings of the reflective hierarchical model revealed that need for achievement is the highest contributor to entrepreneurial motivation among the lowincome households in Kelantan, Malaysia; followed by self-confidence, pull factors self-improvement, and openness to change. It is recommended that future researchers continue to develop the instrument by cross-examining the instrument across different income level groups living in both low-income and developed economies.