The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review from Basic Research to Clinical Challenges

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a focal injury with limited reliable treatment options. Despite the large volume of basic research into TBI (particularly on the complex pathophysiology and on the application of various techniques), the treatment of TBI currently remains a challenge due to the low efficacy of available therapeutic options. Recent studies have shown that stem cells possess the ability to aid in recovery from the damaging effects of the craniocerebral injury. Herein, we attempted to present a generalized critique for the role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in TBI, its underlying mechanisms, and the scope for improvements in TBI treatment identified through preclinical studies, clinical studies, and other research in the light of previously reported literature. Finally, we summarized some novel strategies to overcome the clinical challenges in TBI recovery. Collectively, the major objective of this review is to highlight the to-date available findings regarding role of stem cell therapy in TBI and pave the way for the development of safe and efficient regenerative treatment modalities for TBI by comprehensive understanding the specific mechanism.