Inflammatory potential of diet and aging

The aging of the world's population has resulted in immense scientific interest in prevention or delay of chronic disease and disability to extend quality of life and reduce healthcare costs worldwide. Inflammaging (low-grade inflammation associated with aging) and meta-inflammation (low-grade inflammation associated with overnutrition) are of particular concern as the population ages and the obesity epidemic rages. Chronic low-grade inflammation may play a key role in accelerating disease and disability and thus is a promising target for modification with implications for health and aging. In this chapter we examine the contribution of chronic, low-grade inflammation to the pathophysiology of common age-related conditions including frailty, osteoporosis, macular degeneration, and cognitive decline. Further, we summarize recent literature investigating the role of diet and specific nutrients, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs), carotenoids, and vitamin D in modifying these conditions. We also review the results of randomized controlled trials testing interventions focused on whole dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet pattern (discussed in Chapters 5 and 16 ), to alleviate chronic inflammation in the elderly and improve age-related health outcomes. Finally, the inflammatory potential of whole dietary patterns, as measured by various indices, will be explored in relation to frailty, bone health, eye health, and cognition in older adults.